1904 GRANDEURS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION ST LOUIS World\'s Fair MISSOURI Expo FAIR
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1904 GRANDEURS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION ST LOUIS World\'s Fair MISSOURI Expo FAIR :
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GRANDEURS OF THE UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION AT ST. LOUIS
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St. Louis, Missouri: Official Photographic Company, 1904.
Oblong 4to / Softcover / Unpaginated / Profusely illustrated / Color frontis / Worn, chipped covers and binding /
\"An official book of beautiful engravings illustrating the World\'s Fair of 1904.\"
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TheLouisiana Purchase Exposition, informally known as theSt. Louis World\'s Fair, was aninternational expositionheld inSt. Louis, Missouri, in 1904. Historians generally emphasize the prominence of themes of race and empire, and the Fair\'s long-lasting impact on intellectuals in the fields of history, art history, architecture and anthropology. From the point of view of the memory of the average person who attended the fair, it primarily promoted entertainment, consumer goods and popular culture.[1]
In 1904, St. Louis hosted a World\'s Fair to celebrate the centennial of the 1803Louisiana Purchase. It was delayed from a planned opening in 1903 to 1904, to allow for full-scale participation by more states and foreign countries. The Fair opened April 30, 1904, and closed December 1, 1904. St. Louis had held an annualSt. Louis Expositionsince the 1880s as agricultural, trade, and scientific exhibitions, but this event was not held in 1904, due to the World\'s Fair.
Palace of Liberal ArtsThe Fair\'s 1,200 acre (4.9km²) site, designed byGeorge Kessler,[2]was located at the present-day grounds ofForest Parkand on the campus ofWashington University, and was the largest fair to date. There were over 1,500 buildings, connected by some 75 miles (120km) of roads and walkways. It was said to be impossible to give even a hurried glance at everything in less than a week. The Palace of Agriculture alone covered some 20 acres (324,000 m²).
Exhibits were staged by 62 foreign nations, theUnited Statesgovernment, and 43 of the then-45U.S. states. These featured industries, cities, private organizations and corporations, theater troupes, and music schools. There were also over 50 concession-type amusements found on \"The Pike\"; they provided educational and scientific displays, exhibits and imaginary \'travel\' to distant lands, history and localboosterism(includingLouis Wollbrinck\'s \"Old St. Louis\") and pure entertainment.
19,694,855 individuals were in attendance at the fair.[3]In conjunction with the Exposition the U.S. Post Office issued a series of five commemorative stamps celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase. The 1-cent value portrayed Robert Livingston, the ambassador who negotiated the purchase with France, the 2-cent value depicts Thomas Jefferson, who executed the purchase, the 3-cent honors James Monroe, who participated in negotiations with the French, the 5-cent memorializes William McKinley, who was involved with early plans for the Exposition and the 10-cent presents a map of the Louisiana Purchase.
- Louisiana Purchase Commemoratives
- Kessler, who designed many urban parks in Texas and the Midwest, created the master design for the Fair.
A popular myth says thatFrederick Law Olmsted, who had died the year before the Fair, designed the park and fair grounds. There are several reasons for this confusion. First, Kessler in his twenties had worked briefly for Olmsted as aCentral Parkgardener. Second, Olmsted was involved withForest Park in Queens, New York. Third, Olmsted had planned the renovations in 1897 to theMissouri Botanical Gardenseveral blocks to the southeast of the park.[4]Finally, Olmsted\'s sons advisedWashington Universityon integrating the campus with the park across the street.
In 1901 Exposition selectedEmmanuel Louis Masquerayto be Chief of Design of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. In the position for three years, Masqueray designed the following Fair buildings: Palace of Agriculture, the Cascades and Colonnades, Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game, Palace of Horticulture and Palace of Transportation, all of which were widely emulated in civic projects across the United States as part of theCity Beautiful movement. Masqueray resigned shortly after the Fair opened in 1904, having been invited by ArchbishopJohn IrelandofSt. Paul, Minnesotato design a new cathedral for the city.[4]
Paul J. Pelzwas architect for the Palace of Machinery.[5]
According to a claim in a 1923 number of \"The Colored Citizen\" (Pensacola, Florida) the majority of work in building the fair was done by African-Americans, including all the engineering calculations for the layout of the park. Many African Americans contributed to architecture design, but were not Lagoon, statue of Saint Louis, Palaces of Education and Manufacture, and wireless telegraph tower.
As with theWorld\'s Columbian ExpositioninChicagoin 1893, all but one of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition\'s grand, neo-Classical exhibition palaces were temporary structures, designed to last but a year or two. They were built with a material called \"staff,\" a mixture ofplaster of Parisandhempfibers, on a wood frame. As at the Chicago world\'s fair, buildings and statues deteriorated during the months of the Fair, and had to be patched.
The Palace of Fine Art, designed by architectCass Gilbert, featured a grand interior sculpture court based on the RomanBaths of Caracalla. Standing at the top of Art Hill, it now serves as the home of theSt. Louis Art Museum.
The Administration Building, designed byCope & Stewardson, is nowBrookings Hall, the defining landmark on the campus ofWashington University. A similar building was erected atNorthwest Missouri State Universityfounded in 1905 inMaryville, Missouri. The grounds layout was also recreated in Maryville and now is designated as the official Missouri State Arboretum.
Entrance to Creation Exhibit on the PikeSome of the mansions from the Exposition\'s era survive along Lindell Boulevard at the north border of Forest Park.
Flight Cage (Aviary)The huge bird cage at theSaint Louis Zoological Park, dates to the fair. AJain templecarved out of teak stood within the Indian Pavilion near theFerris Wheel. It was dismantled after the exhibition and was reconstructed in Las Vegas at theCastawayshotel. It has recently been reassembled and is now on display at theJain Center of Southern Californiaat Los Angeles.Birmingham, Alabama\'s iconiccast ironVulcan statuewas first exhibited at the Fair in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy.
The Missouri State building was the largest of the state buildings, as Missouri was the host state. Though it had sections with marble floors and heating and air conditioning, it was planned to be a temporary structure. However, it burned the night of November 18–19, just eleven days before the Fair was to end. Most of the interior was destroyed, but some of the contents were rescued without damage, including some furniture and much of the contents of the fair\'s Model Library. Since the fair was almost over, the building was not rebuilt. After the fair, the current World\'s Fair Pavilion in Forest Park was built on the site of the Missouri building with profits from the fair in 1909–10.
The organ\'s six–manualconsoleFestival Hall, designed byCass Gilbertand used for large-scale musical pageants, contained the largestorganin the world at the time, built by theLos Angeles Art Organ Company. After the fair, it was placed into storage, and eventually purchased byJohn Wanamakerfor his newWanamaker\'sstore inPhiladelphiawhere it became known as theWanamaker Organ. The famous Bronze Eagle in the Wanamaker Store also came from the Fair. It features hundreds of hand-forged bronze feathers and was the centerpiece of one of the many German exhibits at the fair.Wanamaker\'sbecame aLord & Taylorstore and more recently, aMacy\'sstore.
Completed in 1913, the Jefferson Memorial building was built near the main entrance to the Exposition, at Lindell and DeBalivere. It was built with proceeds from the fair, to commemorateThomas Jefferson, who initiated the Louisiana Purchase, as was the first memorial to the third President. It became the headquarters of theMissouri History Museum, and stored the Exposition\'s records and archives when the Louisiana Purchase Exposition company completed its mission. The building is now home to the Missouri History Museum, and the museum was significantly expanded in 2002–3.
TheState of Maine Building, which was a rustic cabin, was transported toPoint Lookout, Missouriwhere it overlooked theWhite Riverby sportsmen who formed the Maine Hunting and Fishing Club. In 1915, when the main building at theCollege of the OzarksinForsyth, Missouriburned, the school relocated to Point Lookout, where the Maine building was renamed the Dobyns Building in honor of a school president. The Dobyns Building burned in 1930 and the college\'s signature church was built in its place. In 2004, a replica of the Maine building was built on the campus. The Keeter Center is named for another school president.[7][8]
The relocated wireless telegraph tower in Arkansas during the 1920sThe exposition\'swireless telegraphtower was purchased by Charles N. Rix, a banker fromHot Springs, Arkansas, who moved it to the summit ofHot Springs Mountainfor use as anobservation tower. Renamed the Rix Tower, it reopened to the public on its new location in 1906. Dismantling and reassembling the tower, however, proved to be its worst enemy (it had previously been moved once before, to St. Louis fromBuffalo, New York); it was eventually demolished in 1975 due to instability almost certainly caused by being relocated twice.A more modern towerwould later be built on the site in 1983.[citation needed]Westinghouse Electricsponsored the Westinghouse Auditorium, where they showed films of Westinghouse factories and products.[9]
Introduction of new foods[edit]A number of foods are claimed to have been invented at the fair. The most popular claim is that the waffle-styleice cream conewas invented and first sold during the fair. However, it is widely believed that it was not invented at the Fair, but instead, it was popularized at the Fair.[10][11]Other claims are more dubious, including thehamburgerandhot dog(both traditionalAmericanfoods),peanut butter,iced tea,[12]andcotton candy. It is more likely, however, that these food items were first introduced to mass audiences and popularized by the fair.Dr PepperandPuffed Wheatcereal were first introduced to a national audience at the fair.
Influence on popular music[edit]The fair inspired the song \"Meet Me in St. Louis, Louis\", which was recorded by many artists, includingBilly Murray. Both the fair and the song are focal points of the 1944 feature filmMeet Me in St. LouisstarringJudy Garland, which also inspired aBroadway musical version.Scott Joplinwrote the rag \"Cascades\" in honor of the elaborate waterfalls in front of Festival Hall.
People on display[edit]Following theSpanish–American War, theUnited Statesacquired new territories such asGuam, thePhilippines, andPuerto Rico. Some natives from these areas were brought to be on \"display\" at the fair. Such displays included theApacheof theAmerican Southwestand theIgorotof the Philippines, both of which peoples were dubbed as \"primitive\".[13]Similarly, members of the Southeast AlaskanTlingittribe accompanied fourteentotem poles, two Native houses, and a canoe displayed at the Alaska Exhibit.[14]
In contrast, theJapanpavilion advanced the idea of amodern yet exotic cultureunfamiliar to the turn-of-the-century Western world,[13]much as it had during the earlier Chicago World\'s Fair.[15]
Ota Benga, a Congolese Pygmy, was featured at the fair. Later he was given the run of the grounds at theBronx Zooin New York, then featured in an exhibit on evolution alongside anorangutanin 1906, but public protest ended that.
One exhibit of note wasBeautiful Jim Key, the \"educated\" Arabian-Hambletonian cross horse in his Silver Horseshoe Pavilion. He was owned by Dr. William Key, an African-American/Native American former slave, who became a respected self-taught veterinarian, and promoted by Albert R. Rogers, who had Jim and Dr. Key on tour for years around the US, helping to establish a humane movement that encouraged people to think of animals as having feelings and thoughts, and not just \"brutes.\" Jim and Dr. Key became national celebrities along the way. Rogers invented highly successful marketing strategies still in use today. Jim Key could add, subtract, use a cash register, spell with blocks, tell time and give opinions on the politics of the day by shaking his head yes or no. Jim thoroughly enjoyed his \"act\"—he performed more than just tricks and appeared to clearly understand what was going on. Dr. Key\'s motto was that Jim \"was taught by kindness\" instead of the whip, which he was indeed.[16]
Exhibits[edit]After the fair was completed, many of the international exhibits were not returned to their country of origin, but were dispersed to museums in the United States. For example, the Philippine exhibits were acquired by theMuseum of Natural Historyat theUniversity of Iowa. TheVulcan statueis today a prominent feature of the Vulcan Park and Museum inBirmingham, Alabama, where it was originally cast.
TheSmithsonian Institutioncoordinated the U.S. government exhibits. It featured a blue whale, the first full-cast of ablue whaleever created.[17]
1904 Summer Olympics[edit]Main article:1904 Summer OlympicsThe Fair hosted the1904 Summer Olympic Games, the first Olympics held in the United States. These games had originally been awarded to Chicago, but when St. Louis threatened to hold a rival international competition[citation needed], the games were relocated. Nonetheless, the sporting events, spread out over several months, were overshadowed by the Fair. With travel expenses high, many European athletes did not come, nor did modern Olympics founder BaronPierre de Coubertin.
Bullfight riot[edit]Main article:St. Louis bullfight riotOn June 5, 1904, a bullfight scheduled for an arena just north of the fairgrounds, in conjunction with the fair, turned violent when Missouri governorAlexander Monroe Dockeryordered police to halt the fight in light of Missouri\'s anti-bullfighting laws. Disgruntled spectators demanded refunds, and when they were turned away, they began throwing stones through the windows of the arena office. While police protected the office, they did not have sufficient numbers to protect the arena, which was burned to the ground by the mob. The exposition fire department responded to the fire, but disruption to the fair was minimal, as the riot took place on a Sunday, when the fair was closed.
Anglo-Boer War Concession[edit]Frank Fillisproduced what was supposedly \"the greatest and most realistic military spectacle known in the history of the world\". Different portions of the concession featured a British Army encampment, several South African native villages (includingZulu,San,Swazi, andNdebele) and a 15-acre (61,000m2) arena in which soldiers paraded, sporting events and horse races were held and major battles from theSecond Boer Warwere re-enacted twice a day. Battle recreations took 2–3 hours and included several Generals and 600 veteran soldiers from both sides of the war. At the conclusion of the show, theBoerGeneralChristiaan de Wetwould escape on horseback by leaping from a height of 35 feet (11m) into a pool of water.
Admission ranged from 25 cents for bleacher seats to $1.00 for box seats, and admission to the villages was another 25 cents. The concession cost $48,000 to construct, grossed over $630,000, and netted about $113,000 to the Fair—the highest grossing military concession of the Fair.
Notable visitors[edit]Geronimo, photographed by the fair\'s official photographer,WilliamH.RauAttendees includedJohn Philip Sousa, whose band performed on opening day and several times during the fair.Thomas Edisonis claimed to have attended. PresidentTheodore Rooseveltopened the fair viatelegraph, but did not attend personally until after the election in November 1904, as he claimed he did not want to use the fair for political purposes.
Ragtimemusic was popularly featured at the Fair.Scott Joplinwrote \"The Cascades\" specifically for the fair, inspired by the waterfalls at the Grand Basin, and presumably attended the fair.
Helen Keller, who was 24 and graduated fromRadcliffe College, gave a lecture in the main auditorium.[18]
J.T. Stinson, a well-regarded fruit specialist, introduced the phrase, \"An apple a day keeps the doctor away\" (at a lecture during the exhibition).[19]
The French organistAlexandre Guilmantplayed a series of 40 recitals, from memory, on the great organ in Festival Hall, then the largestpipe organin the world.
Geronimo, the formerwar chiefof theApache, was \"on display\" in a teepee in the Ethnology Exhibit.
Henri Poincarégave a keynote address onmathematical physics, including an outline for what would eventually became known asspecial relativity.[20][21]
Jelly Roll Mortondid not visit, stating in his laterLibrary of Congressinterview and recordings that he expected jazz pianistTony Jacksonwould attend and win a jazz piano competition at the Exposition. Morton said he was \"quite disgusted\" to later learn that Jackson hadn\'t gone either, and that the competition had been won instead byAlfred Wilson; Morton considered himself a better pianist than Wilson.
The poetT. S. Eliot, who was born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri, visited theIgorotVillage held in the Philippine Exposition section of the St. Louis World\'s Fair. Several months after the closing of the World\'s Fair, he published a short story entitled \"The Man Who Was King\" in the school magazine of Smith Academy, St. Louis, Mo. that he was attending. Inspired by the ganza dance which the Igorot people presented regularly in the Village and their reaction to civilization, the poet explored the interaction of a white man with an island culture. Interestingly, all this predates the poet\'s delving into the anthropological studies during his Harvard graduate years.[22][23]
Max Webervisited upon first coming to the United States in hopes of using some of his findings for a case study on capitalism.[24]
Jack Daniel, the American distiller and the founder of Jack Daniel\'s Tennessee whiskey distillery, entered his Tennessee whiskey into the World\'s Fair whiskey competition. After 4 hours of deliberation, the eight judges awardedJack Daniel\'s Tennessee Whiskeythe Gold Medal for the finest whiskey in the world. The award was a boon for the Jack Daniel\'s distillery.[25][26]
NovelistKate Chopinlived nearby and purchased a season ticket to the fair. After her visit on the hot day of August 20, she suffered abrain hemorrhageand died two days later, on August 22, 1904.[27]
Philadelphia mercantilist,John Wanamaker, visited the exposition in November of 1904 and purchased an entire collection of German furniture which included the giantjugenstilbrass sculpture of an eagle that he would display in the rotunda of his Wananmaker\'s department store in Philadelphia. He also purchased the organ from the fair, which at the time was the biggest concert organ in the world. </30>
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1904 GRANDEURS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION ST LOUIS World\'s Fair MISSOURI Expo FAIR :
$39.99